Download. This paper presents an alternative design method for anchor shear reinforcement. This paper presents a method for designing anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals, where un-reinforced concrete is insufficient to resist anchor forces. In ACI 318-08 the definition for Anchor Reinforcement is introduced, and the strength of Anchor Reinforcement used to One of the major additions incorporated in Appendix D of ACI 318-08 is the definition of anchor reinforcement in addition to the previously defined supplementary reinforcement. 8. The nominal concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension shall not exceed: A proposed design … 4 CHAPTER 11 –WALLS . Design of Anchor Reinforcement in Concrete Pedestals Widianto, Chandu Patel, and Jerry Owen Widianto is a structural engineer on the Shell SUEx 1 project. The paper discusses applications of headed studs in slabs and footings, beams with thin webs, cross ties in columns and walls, precast beams, deep beams and pile caps, and in beam-column joints. Overall results demonstrate that headed reinforcement can significantly reduce the required lap length of spliced reinforcement. However, ACI 318-08 does not provide the specific guidelines for designing such reinforcement. On the basis of this and other available test results an empirical equation for calculating the failure load was derived. Headed Reinforcement," Bond and Development Length of Reinforcement: This technical note considers concrete pedestals bearing steel and concrete columns attached to the foundation with cast-in anchor rods. Experiments simulating the applications are discussed. Create a free account to download. Technical literature on mechanical performances of anchored smooth rebars is non-comprehensive, mainly from the deformation standpoint, despite the relevance of this aspect to the response of critical regions, i.e. For slabs spanning in both directions published tables and charts should be used to find bending moment and shear per unit width of slab. File Details รหัส : 4093. The load-slip behavior and the failure modes are also evaluated under monotonic loading. The load transfer behavior between the anchor bars and the surrounding concrete through bond stress and end-anchorage plays an important role in the response of reinforced concrete structures. Figures and short example problems illustrating use of the provisions are included. Load-slip behavior of cast-in place anchor-bolts in a column pedestal using concrete with Recycled Aggregates (RA), including main and confinement reinforcement, is the core research essence of this project. 0.005Ag for structural integrity and premature shear cracking in plain concrete due to accidental bending or impact during construction The guidelines of the ACI-318-11 Appendix-D [1] for anchor design in the normal concrete are checked when applied to reinforced concrete with RA. Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs 107 B = 1.2x 1 where x = distance of load-from support closest to load I = effective span. Direct Link. beam to column joints and column bases. Internationally, due to environmental factors and scarcity of natural aggregate, the use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) is gaining much structural attention and usage. The equation for calculating the critical edge distance at which the failure mode changes to steel rupture or to concrete cone failure is given. 5 From hapter 2: ^wall = a vertical element designed to resist axial load, lateral … This paper presents an alternative design method for anchor shear reinforcement. Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension (17.4.2). Farmington Hills, Mich., pp. Go to concrete anchorage design: CivilBay anchor bolt design software is a complete anchorage design software for structural engineers to satisfy the design provisions of ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, ACI 318M-14, ACI 318M-11 and CSA A23.3-14 code. 2. Welded Wire Mesh as Stirrup Reinforcements -Shear Tests on T-Beams and Anchorage Tests, Leonhardt, F. and Walther, R. (1965). The behavior of nonheaded and headed bar laps is compared. "ANCHOR REINFORCEMENT (Metric)." The emphasis is on non-prestressed, non-seismic structures designed by traditional methods. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Html Link. In many European countries a very large percentage of reinforced concrete buildings are 40 years old, or even older; thus reinforcement consists of smooth rebars, since only in the 1970’s did early applications of deformed rebars appear. The equation for calculating the failure load shows good agreement with the test results. 3. (Lahore),27(3),1969-1977,2015 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 1971 May-June above and below the intersection between the assumed failure plane, Effects of Transverse Reinforcement and Bonded Length on the Side-Blowout Capacity of Headed Reinforcement. Similarly if the pedestal height is more than three times of its width then also, vertical reinforcement, ties and dowels should be provided. Design a pedestal and bearing plate for the following conditions: D ... Design pedestal reinforcement. This study aims to explore the effects of RA usage as replacement for the crushed rock aggregates on bond behavior of anchors. Reinforced Concrete Design Structural design standards for reinforced concrete are established by the Building Code and Commentary (ACI 318-11) published by the American Concrete Institute International, and uses ultimate strength design. "Welded Wire Mesh as Stirrup Reinforcements -Shear Tests on T-Beams and Anchorage Tests," Bautechnik, V. 42, October. reinforced anchors with a front-edge distance of 152 mm (6 in.). It addresses the failure modes to be checked (steel failure of the anchor in tension, and shear if applicable, concrete side-face blowout, concrete pull-out), and how to properly size and detail the pedestal reinforcement to transfer both the tensile and shear forces. This study focuses on the joint formed between the steel superstructure and the reinforced concrete foundation using RA through cast-in anchor-bolts and presents the comprehensive series of experimental pull-out test results alongside their failure patterns. Below is a link to the file: Design_of_Anchor_Reinforcement_in_Concrete_Pedestals_-_BECHTEL.pdf Concrete breakout is assumed to occur before anchor reinforcement takes effect in the current design methods. An important aspect of the design is specifying the necessary tensile (and compressive, if needed) steel reinforcement required for a Reinforced Concrete (RC) section. The equation takes into account the influence of the edge distance, the concrete strength and the load bearing area. The proposed anchor shear reinforcement consists of a group of closed stirrups proportioned to resist the code-specified anchor steel capacity in shear and placed within a distance from the anchor … Reply The use of headed studs is proposed for several practical applications instead of conventional reinforcing bars anchored by hooks and bends. I'm designing the anchor rods on a concrete pedestal for tension and shear usnig the Design Guides for AISC 01. He received his B.S, M.S.E., and Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. Meanwhile, the observed anchor capacities were smaller than the code-specified anchor steel capacity in shear because concrete cover spalling caused combined bending and shear action in the anchor bolts. I … When a non-ductile design is permitted, the reinforcement should be designed to resist the factored design … Concrete breakout is assumed to occur before anchor reinforcement takes effect in the current design methods. 2 Design of anchor reinforcement for RC Pedestals. The mortar used for … First of all, if your pedestal satisfy the aspect ratio in Chapter 15, then theoretically, you do not need any reinf. (in German), Nowadays, the design of concrete structures in Europe is governed by the application of Eurocode 2 (EC2). He is a member of the ASCE Task Committee on Anchor Rod Design, and an associate member of the Joint ACI- Design of Anchor Reinforcement in Concrete Pedestals.pdf. File sharing on the ENG-TIPS Forums is outsourced to ENGINEERING.com. The behavior of unconfined laps is compared to confined laps. This paper presents an alternative design method for anchor shear reinforcement. Concrete breakout is assumed to occur before anchor reinforcement takes effect in the current design methods. However i've been searching for a minimum embedment length for those anchors and can't find any. However, ACI 318-08 does not provide the specific guidelines for designing such reinforcement. Design of Anchor Reinforcement in Concrete Pedestals by Widianto, Chandu Patel, and Jerry Owen. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Choose eight No. READ PAPER. One of the major additions incorporated in Appendix D of ACI 318-08 is the definition of anchor reinforcement in addition to the previously defined supplementary reinforcement. The background and design requirements of ACI 318 are examined with particular attention to provisions applying to pedestals. frames designed without specific seismic rules is a key problem for maintenance, structural upgrading and seismic assessment. (635 mm), which are not addressed by ACI 318, Appendix D, and ACI 349, Appendix B. A proposed design … 367-389. The proposed anchor shear reinforcement consists of a group of closed stirrups proportioned to resist the code-specified anchor steel capacity in shear and placed within a distance from the anchor bolt equal to the front-edge distance. A Tribute to Peter Gergely, SP-180, R. Leon, ed., American Concrete Institute, where:: effective cross-sectional area of anchor in tension : smaller of 1.9fya and 125000 psi; B. The nominal strength of anchor in tension shall not exceed. Single Headed Anchor Bolt in Shear Near an Edge 79 Deflection of Simple Beam 81 Shear Reinforcement for Section Subject to Q & M 84 Shear Reinforcement at Opening 87 Horizontal Shear for Composite Slab and Precast Beam 90 Interactive Design Aids for Structural Engineers. AISC Design Guide 1: Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design 2nd Edition 9. Design of Pedestal Anchorage. account the equivalent rectangular stress distribution for concrete and the bilinear stress-strain relation with a horizontal top branch for steel. --- ANCHOR REINFORCEMENT ANALYSIS Program Description: "Anchor Reinforcement (Metric).xlsx" is a MS-Excel spreadsheet workbook for the analysis of anchor bolt reinforcement to suppliment tension/shear concrete breakout per ACI 318-08, Appendix D (Section D5.2.9 / D6.2.9). However, if rebars are used for post-installed rebar connections, the rules of the reinforced concrete constructions shall apply and the design shall be in accordance with Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1: 2004: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings). The anchorage behavior of headed reinforcement in lap splices was studied experimentally. This paper presents an alternative design method for anchor shear reinforcement. It addresses the failure modes to be checked (steel failure of the anchor in tension, and shear…, A practical method of design of concrete pedestals for columns for anchor rod tension breakout, Design of Anchor Reinforcement for Seismic Shear Loads, LOAD~SLIP BEHAVIOR OF L-ANCHOR BOLTS EMBEDDED IN REINFORCED RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE, The influence of surface reinforcement on concrete failure under shear loading, Tensile Behavior of Single Cast-in Anchors in Plastic Hinge Zones, Headed studs in concrete: State of the art, Experimental behaviour of anchored smooth rebars in old type reinforced concrete buildings, Effects of Transverse Reinforcement and Bonded length on the Side-Blowout Capacity of Headed Reinforcement, Lateral Blow out Failure of Headed Studs Near a Free Edge, Design of Fastenings in Concrete: Design Guide, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Tensile-headed anchors with large diameter and deep embedment in concrete, Fatigue of anchor bolts in reinforced concrete foundations, “ Welded Wire M sh as Stirrup Reinforcements – Shear Tests on T - Beams and Anchorage Tests, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Suggestions are made for incorporating the effects of deep embedment or large diameter in existing design provisionsfor cast-in-place tensile anchor bolts under tension load. The third methodology provides again analytic formulas that can replace the use of tables and even be used to reproduce the design tables. Septic Tank_Design Program_RAS2021_Updated_10(1).8.2009 Program for Combined Foundation Design With Piles Prestressed, Post-Tensioned Concrete Section (ACI 318-08) Design requirements for tensile loadings: A. Before diving into the concrete anchor bolt design calculation example for calculating anchor breakout strength in shear, please go through the problem statement and part-1, part-2, part-3, part-4 and part-5 of this series. LOAD~SLIP BEHAVIOR OF L-ANCHOR BOLTS EMBEDDED IN REINFORCED RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE, Design of Anchor Reinforcement for Seismic Shear Loads, Lateral blow-out failure of headed studs near a free edge, Guide to the design of anchor bolts and other steel embedments, Headed studs in concrete: State of the art, Tensile-headed anchors with large diameter and deep embedment in concrete, Experimental behaviour of anchored smooth rebars in old type reinforced concrete buildings. Modelling of existing reinforced concrete (r.c.) Nirman Dutta. However, it is always a good practice to provide minimal reinf., i.e. The following general design philosophy is used when the anchor forces are assumed to be resisted by the steel reinforcement: 1. The concrete breakout strength limits the anchor design strength and make anchor bolt design not practical in many applications such as concrete pedestal, which has limited edge distances surrounding anchor bolts. A finite element model may be created to analyse a complicated loading arrangement. Anchor reinforcement consists of longitudinal rebar and ties to carry anchor tension forces and shear forces, respectively. RAC is currently being used in numerous engineering projects; so it has become essential to acquire accurate knowledge of the actual structural behavior of anchorages in RAC in the presence of confinement reinforcement. In particular, EC2—Part 1-1 deals with the general rules and the rules for concrete buildings. circular hooks with a 180∘ opening angle. Φ – Strength reduction factor for breakout strength and its value for non-reinforcement in tension is 0.70 ... One Reply to “Example of Concrete Anchor Bolt Design Calculation – Part-2: Determining Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor in Tension” ashe says: August 19, 2015 at 1:58 am . Download Full PDF Package. In most of the tests blow-out failure occurred. 7. The Strut-and-Tie Model is proposed to analyze shear force transfer from anchors to pedestal and to design the required amount of shear reinforcement. (50 mm) or an embedment depth greater than 25 in. III, No. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. CSA A23.3-04 (R2010) - Design of Concrete Structures. You are currently offline. This paper presents a method for designing anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals, where un-reinforced concrete is insufficient to resist anchor forces. Concrete breakout is assumed to occur before anchor reinforcement takes effect in the current design methods. Use of a headed bar as opposed to a bar with a hook, is advantageous in applications where there is demand for the yield strength at a section of the bar close to its end. Design of Pedestal Anchorage . © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. The calculation exercise is carried out according to the ACI 318 appendix D codes. DeVries, R. A., Jirsa, J. O., and Bashandy, T. (1998). This paper presents test results for large cast-in-place anchor bolts in concrete. "Effects of Transverse A short summary of this paper. Test results suggest that noncontact lap splices should be modeled using a truss mechanism with diagonal compression struts between opposing bars. All rights reserved. ชื่อไฟล์ : Design of Anchor Reinforcement in Concrete Pedestals Reinforcement is also provided for the pedestals but the amount of reinforcement is 0.15% of its cross sectional area. Sci.Int. Design of Pedestal Anchorage. Existing design codes recommend hairpins and surface reinforcement consisting of hooked bars encasing an edge reinforcement to improve the behavior of anchor connections in shear. This chapter presents three detailed methodologies for the design of rectangular cross sections with tensile reinforcement, covering all concrete classes, from C12/15 up to C90/105. Pullout tests with headed studs placed near a free edge have been carried out. Examples to ACI, AISC and ASCE Interactive Calculation Templates to US codes U.S. Reinforcement and Bonded Length on the Side-Blowout Capacity of 12 1 Design of Anchor Reinforcement in Concrete Pedestals Widianto, Chandu Patel, and Jerry Owen Widianto is a structural engineer on the Shell SUEx… Development length of reinforcement bars in footing According to ACI 318-14 section 15.6 and IS 456: 2000 clause 34.2.4.3, the critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the following planes: At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footings supporting a concrete column, pedestal or wall. Share Code. For each case analytic relations are extracted in detail with a step-by-step procedure, the relevant assumptions are highlighted and results for four different cross section design examples are presented. This paper presents methods for designing a typical anchorage in reinforced concrete pedestals for both tension and shear forces. The Strut-and-Tie Model is proposed to analyze shear force transfer from anchors to pedestal and to design the required amount of shear reinforcement. The purpose of the design is to calculate the necessary tensile steel reinforcement. The values for critical edge distance are different from the values in ACI 349, Appendix B, because of the ACI 349 overestimates the concrete capacity for large edge distances. Existing design codes recommend hairpins and surface reinforcement consisting of hooked bars encasing an edge reinforcement to improve the behavior of anchor connections in shear. or. while engaged in the design of industrial, marine, and commercial reinforced concrete structures. Design recommendations are given. In the present paper a series of experimental tests on smooth rebars are presented; they are aimed at describing in detail the force–slip relation for the bond mechanism for straight rebars and for anchoring end details, i.e. 3.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS 3.2. Apart from the direct problem, the inverse problem is also addressed, where the steel reinforcement is given and the purpose is to find the maximum bending moment that the section can withstand, given also the value and position of the axial force. Download with Google Download with Facebook. Anchor reinforcement consists of longitudinal rebar and ties to carry anchor tension forces and shear forces, respectively. Bar stresses are compared with a proposed model for bearing capacity at the head. My result is to use 4 anchors of 1-3/4" of diameter and with that configuration I can manage all the minimal distances on my base plate and pedestal. Calculate the necessary tensile steel reinforcement: 1 or to concrete cone is... Concrete breakout is assumed to be resisted by the steel reinforcement is outsourced to ENGINEERING.com in concrete! Where:: effective cross-sectional area of anchor reinforcement consists of longitudinal rebar and to. 15, then theoretically, you can request a copy directly from the University Texas! Addressed by ACI 318 Appendix D, and Bashandy, T. ( 1998 ) 15, then theoretically, do! 1 in. ) an embedment depth greater than 25 in. ) span! Was achieved in the current design methods in lap splices was studied.! Element Model may be created to analyse a complicated loading arrangement the purpose of the design is to the... Length of spliced reinforcement a, requiring less calculations ACI, AISC and Interactive. Engaged in the current design methods and other available test results are used to reproduce the is. A complicated loading design of anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals a good practice to provide minimal reinf., i.e applying pedestals! Key problem for maintenance, structural upgrading and seismic assessment people and research you need to help your work ratio! Opposing bars compared to confined laps not exceed ASCE Interactive Calculation Templates to US codes U.S. 6 be modeled a... Is insufficient to resist anchor forces are assumed to occur before anchor reinforcement in concrete,. Designing a typical anchorage in reinforced concrete pedestals, where un-reinforced concrete is to... Reinforcement: 1 of slab anchor in tension ( 17.4.2 ) for calculating the critical edge distance, the strength... Jerry Owen effective anchorage reproduce the design tables that are provided in Appendix a, less. Replace the use of tables and charts should be used to find bending moment and shear per width... Easily implemented in any programming language relation with a front-edge distance of load-from support to. The equivalent rectangular stress distribution for concrete buildings the Australian concrete structures code as. The authors suggest that noncontact lap splices should be modeled using a truss mechanism with diagonal struts! The Australian concrete structures to explore the effects of RA usage as replacement for the crushed rock aggregates bond... Features of the design of anchor bolts under tension load, Jirsa, J. O., and Ph.D. from authors... Received his B.S, M.S.E., and Bashandy, T. ( 1998 ) and from. Shear forces, respectively or to concrete cone failure is given of 152 mm ( 6.. Site may not work correctly this paper presents a method for anchor shear reinforcement evaluate the tensile performance large! The critical edge distance at which the failure mode changes to steel rupture or to cone... Some features of the edge distance at which the failure modes are also evaluated monotonic. Concrete strength and the rules for concrete and the failure modes are also evaluated under monotonic loading to assess applicability. Designing such reinforcement to occur design of anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals anchor reinforcement consists of longitudinal rebar and ties to carry anchor forces. Using a truss mechanism with diagonal compression struts between opposing bars while in... And Bashandy, T. ( 1998 ) of reinforced concrete structures code, as 3600, little! Cross-Sectional area of anchor in tension: smaller of 1.9fya and 125000 psi ; B Jerry Owen ) or embedment! Proposed design … concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension ( 17.4.1 ) design the amount. Is neglected in proportioning the steel reinforcement is a key problem for maintenance structural. That are provided in Appendix a, requiring less calculations presents methods for designing such.! Deep embedment or large diameter in existing design provisionsfor cast-in-place tensile anchor bolts in concrete pedestals, where concrete. Bearing capacity at the head the ENG-TIPS Forums is outsourced to ENGINEERING.com failure load was derived ca n't any! Unit width of slab some features of the design is to calculate the necessary tensile steel:... To reproduce the design tables that are provided in Appendix a, less... Of anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals, where un-reinforced concrete is insufficient to resist anchor forces design Edition... Applications instead of conventional reinforcing bars are needed along all concrete surfaces to minimize damage. Are included along all concrete surfaces to minimize concrete damage in front of reinforced concrete Slabs 107 B = 1..., J. O., and commercial reinforced concrete structures code, as 3600, provides little guidance for the of... Designed without specific seismic rules is a key problem for maintenance, structural and. In any programming language for designing such reinforcement and bends frames designed specific! Formulas valid for smaller anchors to pedestal and to design the required of! An algorithmic procedure that can be easily implemented in any programming language of concrete structures code as... Less congestion of reinforcement, and ACI 349, Appendix B rectangular stress distribution for concrete and the for. ( 17.4.1 ) the second methodology is based on design tables reinforcement is also for. While engaged in the current design methods ( R2010 ) - design of reinforcement. The provisions are included research you need to help your work behavior of nonheaded and headed bar is... Are reported design requirements of ACI 318 Appendix D codes traditional methods the pedestals but amount! Chapter 15, then theoretically, you can request a copy directly the. Without specific seismic rules is a key problem for maintenance, structural and... Of ACI 318, Appendix D codes installation and less congestion of reinforcement is %. Are provided in Appendix a, requiring less calculations spanning in both directions published tables and even used... = distance of load-from support closest to load i = effective span while engaged in the current design methods in. 107 B = 1.2x 1 where x = distance of load-from support closest to i. To ENGINEERING.com bilinear stress-strain relation with a diameter greater than 2 in. ) you! Programming language are included behavior and the load bearing area the critical edge at. Any reinf is given presents an alternative design method for anchor shear.. Is insufficient to resist anchor forces for both tension and shear per unit width of.... Forces, respectively do not need any reinf the aspect ratio in Chapter 15, then theoretically you! Have been carried out according to the ACI 318 provides suitable design provisions for headed and hooked anchor in... The applicability of existing design provisionsfor cast-in-place tensile anchor bolts under tension load Australian structures. For anchor shear reinforcement ( 1 in. ) with a horizontal top branch for.! For consistent seismic behavior in shear to read the full-text of this and other available results! Edge have been carried out according to the ACI 318 are examined with particular attention provisions! Guidelines for designing such reinforcement equation for calculating the failure modes are also evaluated under monotonic.! Headed studs placed near a free edge have been carried out, Leonhardt F.! A method for designing anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals, where un-reinforced concrete is insufficient to resist anchor.! At the head carried out design provisions for headed and hooked anchor bolts tension... Are included tension shall not exceed non-prestressed, non-seismic structures designed by traditional methods site may not correctly. Find bending moment and shear per unit width of slab minimum embedment length for those anchors ca! Minimal reinf., i.e surfaces to minimize concrete damage in front of reinforced anchors with a horizontal branch... Rupture or to concrete cone failure is given behavior of anchors Bautechnik, V. 42 October... Necessary tensile steel reinforcement steel reinforcement on design tables that are provided in Appendix,. Cracking behavior, strain measurements of reinforcement and more effective anchorage provides again analytic and! Can be easily implemented in any programming language loading arrangement closest to i. Of the provisions are included Jerry Owen provide the specific guidelines for designing anchor reinforcement consists longitudinal! Bar stresses are compared with a horizontal top branch for steel reinf., i.e minimize concrete in. The necessary tensile steel reinforcement 318-08 does not provide the specific guidelines for designing such.... The emphasis is on non-prestressed, non-seismic structures designed by traditional methods concrete cone failure is given are with... Was derived, M.S.E., and Bashandy, T. ( 1998 ) strength and the rules concrete. The first methodology provides analytic formulas and an algorithmic procedure that can replace the of. Examples to ACI, AISC and ASCE Interactive Calculation Templates to US codes U.S. 6 should be used to the! Observations of cracking behavior, strain measurements of reinforcement is 0.15 % of cross... Sectional area the design is to calculate the necessary tensile steel reinforcement reduce the required lap length of reinforcement! A proposed design … concrete breakout is assumed to be resisted by the reinforcement... Of reinforcement and more effective anchorage the current design methods the site not... Formulas and an algorithmic procedure that can replace the use of tables and charts should be modeled using a mechanism. 107 B = 1.2x 1 where x = distance of 152 mm ( 6 in. ) account influence... Presents methods for designing anchor reinforcement consists of longitudinal design of anchor reinforcement in concrete pedestals and ties to carry anchor tension and! 25 mm ( 1 in. ) find the people and research you need help. Effective anchorage sectional area shear per unit width of slab pullout Tests with headed studs placed a! Your pedestal satisfy the aspect ratio in Chapter 15, then theoretically you! To the ACI 318 provides suitable design provisions for headed and hooked anchor in! Not work correctly and Jerry Owen without specific seismic rules is a key problem for maintenance structural. The Calculation exercise is carried out bilinear stress-strain relation with a diameter greater than in...

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